Introduction to Business Law Cases and Materials

Question: Portray about the Introduction to Business Law for Cases and Materials. Answer: Issue Wendy has gone into what seems, by all accounts, to be a concurrence with Dave endless supply of the run inside an hour he will pay her $3000. Then again she meets her old companion Bill who guarantees her that he will provide food for the cost of running shoes or garments incase she required them . Wendy procures the garments and shoes and took an interest in the rush to complete quickly. Wendy guarantees her prizes from the two individuals above however her endeavors come to nothing. The issue for assurance that is introduced here is whether there was a goal to make a legitimate relationship in the two understandings. Law From the start it ought to be seen that there are two connections here. One is by all accounts a business understanding that is among Dave and Wendy and the other one really a social connection between two companions. As per Carter and Harland (1998) the litmus test for deciding the expectation of the gatherings has consistently been controlled by the answer assumption. In social understandings the assumption is that the gatherings don't generally mean to be legitimately limited by the understanding (Balfor v Balfour 1919). In Jones v Padavatton, (1969) a mother guaranteed her little girl that she will pay her on the off chance that she surrenders her activity and went to London to read for the bar. It was held that the understanding was a family understanding and subsequently there was no goal to be legitimately bound. Of specific essentialness is the way that the court, referenced that there was no adequate proof to invalidate the assumption that an expectation to be lawfully bound didn't exist. It is obvious from prior attestations that in the event that adequate proof is illustrated to invalidate the assumption in family understanding, at that point a goal can be found to exist in a family understanding (Esso Petroleum v Customs Excise, 1976). In business understandings the assumptions that generally exists is that the gatherings expect to be lawfully bound. In Edwards v Skyways Ltd (1964) the respondents had guaranteed that they will make an installment with an ex gratia sum and even went to distribute the guarantee in the paper. The inquirer who was a pilot never got the additional sum that was guaranteed on the grounds that the organization asserted that they had cancelled their choice. It was held that there was no adequate proof to invalidate the assumption that the goal to be lawfully bound existed. Note that the court have since built up a cutting edge approach towards deciding the aim of the gatherings which has all the earmarks of being quenching the rebuttable assumption test. A progressively enticing methodology has been settled in by Australian statute where Gray v Gray (2004) there was an advance understanding between a mother and child the courts were hesitant to apply the rebuttable resumption. They expressed that a target test ought to be applied on a case to case premise depending particle the realities of each case. In Tadrous v Tadrous (2010) it was held that a target assessment ought to be done to decide if the gatherings proposed to be lawfully bound or the understanding was only a statement of adoration and trust. In Ashton v Pratt (2012) the court held that one should take a gander at the topic of understanding , why the understanding was being made and the individual relationship of the gatherings at the hour of settling on the understanding. The courts in previously mentioned three cases completely kept away from the utilization of rebuttable assumption test in deciding the expectation of gatherings in a social understanding. Application It very well may be presented that the connection among Wendy and Bill was a social understanding and in this manner by applying the test gave above it will in fact be a daunting task for Bill to counter the assumption that that an expectation to be lawfully bound didn't exist. Be that as it may if the target test that was set in for this situation it will be found that Wendy experienced a ton of costs to secure the pair of shoes and garments and in this way Bill will undoubtedly meet the understanding. In Wakeling v Ripley (1951) it was held that in deciding the aim of the gatherings thought must be put on cost that was associated with coming to play out the guarantee. It would thus be able to be immovably expressed that the understanding among Wendy and Bill is a coupling one. With respect to the understanding among Wendy and Dave, there is by all accounts no lawful expectation on the grounds that by Wendy expressing that thanks that sounds liberal the statements are unclear and don't add up to a specific acknowledgment of the offer made by offer. Disproving the assumption won't be a difficult errand as is common of business understandings. End It is hence encouraged to Dave he doesn't have any lawful commitments towards Wendy on the grounds that from the understanding, an expectation to be legitimately bound didn't exist. Then again concerning Bill, it is prompted that the money related penance that Wendy made incepted an aim to be lawfully bound. 2. Issue Dani needed her Mercedes vehicle upholstery to be reestablished to its unique flawless condition and in the wake of being captivated by Vintage upholsters that she in the web she chose to give them her vehicle. In spite of her desire toward the finish of the work the vehicle was in more awful condition than she left it and it was truly harm. She has found that there is a condition in the agreement that rejected the upholsters from risk. The issue here is whether the rejection provision is legitimate and whether there has been any break of terms by the upholsters. Law The general guideline in law is that the contracting parties are limited by the details of the agreement when they marked it whether or not one read and comprehended the particulars of the agreement. (L'Estrange v Graucob, 1934) However where a term in an agreement looks to persecute one gathering in an agreement the gathering is normally shielded by customary law from such unreasonable terms. It is presented that the prohibition provision or term must be brought to the consideration of the gathering before the agreement was shaped or at the time it was being framed (Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking, 1971). Along these lines it hosts been held that a get-together who is looking to authorize an out of line term must show that they gave adequate notification of the term to the next gathering (Thompson v LMS Railway 1930). Also, if the activity of the condition is truly cumbersome to the next gathering, it must be exhibited that sweeping advances were attempted to carry the terms to the consideration of the other party (Interfoto Picture Library v Stilletto, 1989). It ought to be borne as a main priority that where a term in the agreement was distorted by one gathering, the provision will have no lawful impact to the gathering it was distorted to (Curtis v Chemical Cleaning, 1951). From the previously mentioned declarations, it asks the basic inquiry whether a rejection statement can legitimize the penetrate of a suggested condition in an agreement. A condition is a key term of the agreement that goes to the foundation of the agreement. An inferred condition is one that isn't explicitly referenced in the agreement however because of the idea of the guarantee made between the contracting parties it is normal that the agreement will be acted with a particular goal in mind (Beale 2004). It has been held t hat a break of a condition will entitle the blameless party an honor of harms and furthermore the option to disavow the agreement (Poussard v Spiers, 1876). The innominate term approach which was built up in Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha (1962) is such that where a break of the term of the agreement significantly denies the guiltless party an advantage of the agreement the agreement can be treated as to host finished and the honest get-together can guarantee harms (Benson 2001). Application It tends to be yielded that the upholsters had made sensible strides in guaranteeing that agreement rejection statement which is considered out of line was brought to the consideration of the Dani. The term was prominently placed in each sensible spot that one can see. Anyway it ought to be noticed that on entering the spot Dani read a banner that guaranteed her that the staff were profoundly qualified and that the final product is show of value work. It tends to be surmised that there was a deception of terms in the agreement and along these lines the condition won't be employable. The break of the inferred condition that the work will be one that is adequate will entitle Dani an honor for harms for the misfortune and genuine harm that was made on her vehicle. Dani could likewise deny the agreement. End It tends to be presumed that the upholsters will be at risk for this situation and Dani should be given compensatory harms to reestablish her in the position the vehicle was before the harm brought about by the fixes happened. References Ashton v Pratt [2012] NSWSC 3 Beale, H 2004, Chitty on Contracts, Sweet Maxwell Benson, P, 2001, The Theory of Contract Law: New Essays Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Carter J, W, Harland, D, J 1998, Cases and materials on contract law in Australia, Butterworths Curtis v Chemical Cleaning [1951] 1 KB 805 Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 Esso Petroleum v Customs Excise [1976] 1 WLR 1 Dim v Gray [2004] NSWCA 408 Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26 Interfoto Picture Library v Stilletto [1989] QB 433 Jones v Padavatton [1969] 2 All ER 616 L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410 Tadrous v Tadrous [2010] NSWSC 1388 Thompson v LMS Railway [1930] 1 KB 41 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 WLR 585

Loneliness and Dreams in Mice of men Essay Example for Free

Forlornness and Dreams in Mice of men Essay John Steinbeck composed the novel of Mice and Men during the incredible sorrow. During this time there were not many occupations which implied individuals needed to move looking for employments. This implied they were continually moving and couldn't build up enduring kinships or connections. Steinbeck depicts the forlornness and hardship felt by individuals living through the 1930s American sadness. He shows how the fantasies of the characters were what helped them get by through this period. In this exposition I will examine the fantasies and forlornness of the characters in the novel and how Steinbeck uncovers every character depression and dreams. George and Lennie both experience forlornness. Despite the fact that they had each other George required someone on his frequency, with his degree of development in light of the fact that Lennie resembles a kid and doesn't think like a grown-up, he is intellectually hindered. One nearly gets the inclination that he doesnt need Lennie for friendship at all when he is conversing with Lennie about how he would live without him. God a compelling, in the event that I was distant from everyone else I could live so natural. Page 11 As George continues discussing his laid back lighthearted way of life he longs for he continuously gets angrier. It makes the peruser wonder why he even remains with Lennie in the event that he feels so overpowered with the duty of paying special mind to Lennie. George is a scholar he perceives how harsh other men on the farm have become through their depression; George realizes that remaining with Lennie prevents him from being genuinely desolate. He likewise has insurance from Lennie on the grounds that he realizes he is sheltered when he has a major person like Lennie as his companion. Paying special mind to Lennie gives him a reason, an explanation, a job in his life he gets the fulfillment of realizing he is required. George fell quiet. He needed to talk. Page 41 This statement is from when George converses with Slim. He is glad to get the opportunity to converse with somebody on his degree of development. As Slim is a decent audience and attempts to comprehend the connection among George and Lennie. Lennie doesnt truly encounters dejection in spite of the fact that he needs to pet something, to hold something. He generally has George to take care of him considers George to be a dad figure. George teaches him on the most proficient method to carry on and what to do in specific circumstances. Gradually, similar to a terrier who doesnt need to carry a ball to its lord, Lennie drew closer, page 9 This statement is taken from when George needs to remove a dead mouse from Lennie who doesnt need to surrender it. It uncovers how George has an authority over Lennie. George and Lennies dream is to one day own some land. They wish to live on this land and work for themselves. George no longer needs to agree to someone elses rules. He needs to have a reason in buckling down on the land since then he will profit by his difficult work. Though when chipping away at a farm he is buckling down for someone elses benefits. Lennie is just keen on watching out for the bunnies. He simply needs to have the option to pet a few creatures. His fantasy fits in with Georges it doesnt matter on the off chance that he claims the land or not. Curleys wifes name is never referenced she is constantly alluded to as Curleys spouse. Steinbeck never utilizes her name in light of the fact that different men consider her to be having a place with Curley, simply one more ownership of his on the farm Curleys spouse is the main lady on the farm, she wedded Curley as of late and she is still very youthful. She is forlorn in light of the fact that she has nobody to trust in. At the point when she needs to converse with the men she utilizes the reason she is searching for Curley. Any you young men seen Curley? Pg81 This statement is from when Lennie, Candy and Crooks are in Crooks room and Curleys spouse comes in. In this part we realize she utilizes the reason she is searching for Curley as an approach to converse with the men on the farm. We know this in light of the fact that, after the men reveal to her he hasnt been there she says Think I dont know where they all went? Indeed, even Curley. I know where they all went. Page 81 She utilizes this reason each time she needs to converse with the men however she has demonstrated that she knew precisely where he was this time. She at that point considers them the feeble ones the bundle of bindle stiffs however much after that she wishes to converses with them. This is on the grounds that she is frantic for some organization anybody to converse with. She supposedly is a tart and prison snare by different men on the farm, however she despite everything needs to have them for organization. Curleys spouse additionally had dream, she despite everything has, and when she was more youthful she needed to be an entertainer. She says how she could have been well known, rich and upbeat. I coulda made somethin of myself. She said obscurely, Maybe I will yet. Pg 93 The way that she despite everything would like to satisfy her fantasy is fairly lamentable. Her fantasy is unreasonable she will never break liberated from her miserable marriage. She has this fantasy since it is a type of idealism, she can imagine that she isn't desolate and that one-day she won't need to live the way she especially detests. I disclose to you I aint used to livin like this. Pg 93 She uncovers her fantasies to Lennie when hes on his own she finds that the men possibly converse with her when they are all alone. In any event, when Lennie is on his own he is hesitant to converse with her on account of the thing George has said about her. Hoodlums is a Negro in a general public that considers non-whites as sub-human. He additionally is in part injured which doesn't help when he is living in a general public that worth individuals by their capacity to offer an assistance. As a result of his race he doesn't rest in a similar room as different laborers, he lives in the room where he works in and a fertilizer heap under the window. Due to this Crooks invests the greater part of his energy in his own prompting an incredible sentiment of depression. His lone allies are his books and as he has seen individuals come and go he has obtained a larger number of assets than the others have. His dejection is uncovered when he is conversing with Lennie. Lennie is conversing with Crooks in his room, enlightening him regarding the land they will one day own. A person needs someone to be close to him. Pg 77 Law breakers understands books but since of his shading he has no companion not even someone on his frequency. He is on his own each night though the various men share their room in the bunkhouse. Law breakers is so overwhelmed with his forlornness that he can't expectation or dream any longer. He doesnt take any notification of Lennies dream since he has heard everything previously. I seen many men drop by out and about An each damn one of ems got a little real estate parcel in his mind. A never a divine being damn one of em ever gets it. Pg 78 Albeit after he hears how this fantasy could turn into a reality Crooks is affected and needs to participate. He later withdraws his announcement in view of the way Curleys spouse treats him. Well you keep your place, at that point, Nigger. I could get you hung on a tree so natural it aint even amusing. Pg 85 Shes bigot and through her non-verbal communication she shows that she has the authority over him. This is the reason he not, at this point needed to participate with the arrangement of possessing land. Candy is forlorn in light of the fact that he has no one; he just had one partner, which was his pooch that he had since the canine was a little dog. Candy was extremely disturbed when his canine must be executed. His dejection is uncovered when Carlson suggests that the pooch ought to be shot. Whynt you shoot him, candy? The elderly person wriggled awkwardly. Pg 47 The idea of Candys just partner being shot fills him with fear. The idea is awkward. He attempts ordinarily to dissuade Carlson and discover a way that he can put off the passing of his canine. Candy said ideally, you aint got a firearm. Pg 50 The main explanation he lets his canine kick the bucket is on the grounds that he can't contend with Carlson. Likewise Slim concurred with Carlson and Slim word is the law in this play, the voice of reason. Candy is so urgent for friendship that he keeps a visually impaired pooch that is in torment from kicking the bucket in a way this is a demonstration of narrow-mindedness. Candy listens mindfully while George and Lennie are discussing their fantasy. He offers to purchase the land they have to satisfy their fantasy. Sspose I went in with you folks. Thas 300 a fifty bucks Id put in Pg 62 Candy is exceptionally old, in view of the incredible despondency there is no professional stability and on account of this he figures he will be sacked soon. Now the fantasy appears to be more genuine to them than it has ever been previously. Before it was only a dream, something to discover comfort in, yet he would never really let himself trust it. They all sat still, all muddled by the excellence of the thing, Pg 64 I think now their fantasy is progressively practical yet not sensible enough since George says if Lennie and he dont spend anything they would have $450 however they will undoubtedly spend something particularly when George is keen on heading off to the feline house. Additionally the asking cost is $600 it will take much longer for them to collect that measure of cash. The extraordinary wretchedness in America had its impact on a considerable lot of the characters; cash was difficult to find. Depression is a significant subject in the novel Of Mice and Men on the grounds that a considerable lot of the characters experience the ill effects of this more than everything else. Depression murders Curleys spouse, disillusions Crooks and candy in spite of the fact that Lennie and George put it off through the way that they have each other for friendship. Folks like us, that take a shot at the farms, are the loneliest folks on the planet. Lennie broke in. Yet, not us! Since in light of the fact that I got you to take care of me, and you got me to care for you, and that is the reason Pg 14 Steinbeck doesnt offer any responses to the characters issue of forlornness. Demonstrating the peruser a realistic and moving depiction of how dejection influences individuals without giving a counteractant or giving a glad closure makes the novel extremely tragic. Lennie and Georges dream brought only agony and pain rather than guaranteed bliss and joy, which integrates with the tittle of the book which was taken from a sonnet titled to a mouse by a Scottish artist called Robert Burns. This sonnet was about how a mouse, which had gotten ready for the winter by making a home, had its home destroyed by a tractor. George and Lennie arranged cautiously how the

Evaluating The Research Of Others - HIgher Education - HIGH STANDARD

Evaluating The Research Of Others - HIgher Education - HIGH STANDARD Evaluating The Research Of Others - HIgher Education - HIGH STANDARD ENGLISH WRITERS ONLY â€" Essay Example > Evaluating the Research of others - Higher Education IntroductionAdoption of technology in secondary schools has brought about gender differences in Saudi Arabia both in the public and private sectors. Female students get very anxious when using the computer and are a major problem in their adoption styles which poses as a big problem when they venture into their different careers and innovation. The two articles that I have chosen to use in my article review deal with computer and information technologies. These technologies are useful in our modern world because they have been introduced to various organizations in the globe. They make work easier and less complicated. It is essential for female students and workers to adopt their use because they will come in handy in future. Source and comments of the research articleThe research articles in this article review report are from the scholarly/academic/peer reviewed articles. The source of the articles is published by and for exp erts in the fields of study. The literary paper has its rules and regulations concerning publishing of articles. The most salient is that all articles must go through the peer review course of action done by widely recognized experts who evaluate the article. This paper is also a review process that seeks to build content, academic value, and scholarly soundness of the articles. Most of the articles, in scholarly journals present new, earlier unpublished investigate. Scholarly articles have imagination, authorship, are refereed (peer reviewed), have an intended audience, sponsorship, illustrations, publication frequency, and note the format and length of the article. Focus of researcher’s workIn most of the research projects, researchers have a stated goal that helps in guiding them through the whole process. For example, in the two articles chosen, the researchers are examining the effect brought about by technology (computers) among students in education institutions. All rese arch work begins with a problem, as it is the basis for any scholarly inquiry to draw intellectual curiosity. The researcher also has a series of questions that assist in formulating the hypothesis, eliciting thoughtful and profound revelations, and validity of whether the study has been investigated on what it was its intended  focus. The questions are viewed as cornerstones in removing the barriers to achieving qualitative data in the researcher’s work. Research should have a question that clearly states the background necessary to provide the researcher with a blueprint for further study of the problem. The problem will be useful to the supervisor so that the researcher can be given advice on how to carry out the project. The research problem is also crucial and should hold scientific community and culture who contribute to the research process. After stating the problem of the research, the findings should match the current field position. Description of data collectionThe re search article describes the structure of data collection, which is indispensable, for the research committee in understanding how the student tackles the problem. The activities and procedure that will result in cessation of the studies are stipulated at this point. Alternative methods can be used in researching one’s work, but the researcher should convince others that the method used is appropriate as it addresses the research question appropriately. This section needs to be clarified by the researcher who uses standard quantitative methods bearing in mind the design, participants, instruments, and procedures. The methodology describes, explains, and predicts the research phenomenon to be undertaken. Varieties of methods are used in this category, and the decision taken by a researcher depends on the analytical tools available for one to use. The researcher should leave room for the other researcher reviewing the article to use other methods, which gives them, alternative met hods in obtaining the same information (Rajasekar et al. , 2006, pp. 2).

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost - 912 Words

The Right Path and Regret Have you ever chosen what seems to be the perfect path in life, and yet later came to regret it feeling remorse in the thought of what could have been? Profound poet Robert Frost depicts this dilemma in his poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken. The Road Not Taken is a narrative poem consisting of four stanzas of iambic tetrameter and was published in 1916 in the collection Mountain Interval. In this poem, Robert Frost uses title, imagery, and theme to complicate and lead the reader to unknowingly misunderstand the poem. Through careful explication of these elements of Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† one may discover the true meaning to the ironic and trivial poem that has endured the many generations of poetry: that no matter what road you travel down in life, the key is to never look back. Initially, Robert Frost’s complication of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† begins with the title of the work itself. Often mistaken for The Road Less Traveled, the title is undoubtedly ironic to the actual facts written in the poem. For example, the title suggests clearly that one road faced has been worn, and the other not traveled. However, the poem clouds the meaning of the title. As he stands carefully stripping the paths of their qualities, he must discern between the first and the latter; the speaker gazes down the second path and announces: Then took the other, as just as fair And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that, theShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost983 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken was written by Robert Frost, a four-time Pulitzer Prize winner in poetry, and also a special guest at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration (Robert Frost Biography). Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California and he died of complications from prostate surgery on January 29, 1963. Much of Robert’s popularity was gained throughout Europe (An Analysis of Robert Frost’s Poem: The Road Not Taken). Frost became a poetic force, and the unofficial poetRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost764 Words   |  3 PagesWritten by Robert Frost, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† deals with about making choices in life and how those choices affect your whole life. The meter of this poem is iambic tetrameter, for the most part. In most lines, the meter follows the rule with four iambs, which means that there is one unstre ssed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. But the meter is not normal since, in some lines, an anapest, which means there are two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, is substituted forRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1173 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, one of America’s well-known poets is highly regarded for his realistic illustrations of rural life and poetry which is still relevant in today’s society. After being honoured on numerous occasions, he became one of America’s most popular public figures. Frosts’ poems reflect his greatness and his life in a variety of ways after he was confronted with such despair and grief after the passing of his father due to tuberculosis at just eleven years of age and his mother who passed awayRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost995 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can only move forward hoping for the best. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, Robert Frost, 1916. In â€Å"The Roa d Not Taken† a traveler is strolling through the woods and comes across two different roads he could take, and unable to travel both the poet eventually chooses which path to take. The theme conveyed is about making choices. Frost does this through the use of diction, the use of figure of speech, and the use of imagery. To start with, Frost displays the main idea of decision making by the wordsRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1055 Words   |  5 Pagesago. Either way, if you admit it now or in the wee hours of the night, like most people, you will come across this question at least once in your life. Robert Frost was able to grasp this raw, vulnerable life changing moment in the palm of his hand. Then he beautifully laid it out in the form of words in the narrative poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost is able to take you back to a time when you have been faced with a life-changing decision. Then, causing you to ask yourself â€Å"Did I make the right choiceRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost940 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Road Not Taken† was written by Robert Frost in 1916, and it was the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval (Shmoop). Even though it was written many years ago, people of all ages still study this enticing poem. Frost wrote about coming to a fork in the woods and examining which path he should take and whether he might ever come back; the speaker believes each path is fine to take, but he takes the less used path (line 6). He wrote about this decision in clear, standard English. â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost is a detailed poem about a conflict in a person’s life, dealing with having to take the right path throughout life. The Narrator of this poem is faced with a predicament when he comes across two paths. The choices that he makes in his life, can alter the future for better or worse. This poem describes his attitude and emotion towards his choices as well as, shows examples of themes, mood, and different literary devices. The title of this poem canRead MoreThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost968 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Response 3 Title: The Road Not Taken Text Type: Poem Author: Robert Frost The poem, ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost is about the â€Å"roads† and different paths we take in our lives. Frost wrote about a traveler who had to chose between two roads. He had to decide if he wanted to go down the well used or less used path. In the end, he went down the less used path. The theme of decision making and choices is shown in this poem. I think that this is a way of describing the choices we makeRead MoreRoad Not Taken, Robert Frost942 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 Burstrem October 7, 2009 The Road Not Taken Life is full of choices and decisions that could ultimately change the outcome of our lives. In the poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler is destined to make that decision. This traveler man has to decide which road to take, one that is frequently traveled, and the one that is not. After contemplating which road to follow, he comes to the decision to take the road less traveled because he doesn’t want to follow inRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1100 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost reflects that poetry â€Å"begins in delight and ends in wisdom†¦.It runs a course of lucky events , and ends in a clarification of life—not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are found on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (931). His poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a clarification of life. This paper will analyze and evaluate the formal elements of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and consid er how these elements work together to fit the author’s purpose and clarification

Sophie Scholl the Final Days - Night. Comparative Essay

It has become quite ordinary to not think about the past. Sure it gets taught and everyone knows it’s there but people never want to look back. Out of shame? Fear? In today’s day, we respect the past but rarely delve into it except for certain days. Elie Wiesel’s book Night is the self-account of Wiesel’s life in the Holocaust. It reflects back to the time through the eyes of a Jewish boy living in the awful conditions. It tells the story from the first few steps that Hitler takes, to when the camps was liberated. Wiesel delivered a powerful message of peace, atonement and human dignity to humanity. The Final Days is a film about resistance in Nazi Germany of one woman in particular. The movie starts off showing the main†¦show more content†¦In elie Wiesel’s Night, a story about the author and his personal connection to the holocaust, the meaning is little muddled up as it is a memoir so it does not need a very clear meaning. Throughout the whole book Elie deals with faith issues and self-problems. There is also a theme of constantly fearing death. Death is always looming over the characters as it is the Holocaust. Although the samr thing is looming throughout the Final Days, it is a lot different. The death that is shown in Night is the death of many and the life of few. In The Final Days, it is the death of few and the life of Nazi Germany. The audience knows she will die, all it takes to know that is a quick google search, but there is still always a slight glimmer of hope which Night does not have. Hope is definitely a theme in The Final Days that is not really shown in Night. One possible reason for that is that Elie gives up fairly quickly. He loses hope and therefore loses faith. In conclusion, these media pieces both show a lot of the same ideas, but they are quite different on a number of standings

War and Peace Free Essays

1310 10/17/12 War War is inevitable when disasters exist, but can sometimes be avoidable when conflicting over cultural matters. Primarily, it is in man’s best interest to provide for himself and his family. Those are his two biggest priorities. We will write a custom essay sample on War and Peace or any similar topic only for you Order Now When any kind of disaster occurs, he must first look after himself and his family before ensuring the safety of others. A civilization works in the same way. Its goal is to carry out the way of life of the people and ensure that it survives. It will fail to reach that goal if the people in the civilization aren’t willing to fight for themselves and what they believe in. If some kind of natural calamity strikes or an outside power that is willing to kill moves in and violently forces its own laws, traditions, and customs, the people must take appropriate actions or face the downfall of their own kind. They must fight to preserve their customs and traditions, or move to another place to live. Now if the intruding invader has any concern for the people, but still desires to enforce their laws upon them, non-violence can be used. Non-violence can only be an alternative to war if the force they are fighting against is non-violent. Otherwise, it will only get trampled upon by a violent, oppressive force. In order for a civilization to survive, it must have an adequate supply of resources for its people. A civilization’s supply of resources can easily be depleted by drought, famine, floods, disease and many other natural disasters. When this happens, the civilization must find a way to solve this problem. If a solution can’t be found while staying in the area, they must find another place to live, but that comes with risks. Going out and searching for a new place is very dangerous and many people may die. Another option the impoverished group of people might take would be to seek help to a nearby but separate establishment. This puts the struggling group in the hands of the healthy one. It is then up to the healthy group to decide if they are going to share their resources or deny it to them. The denial of aide will displease the struggling group and they might have to turn to violence to protect their people. This is because no compromise can be made and both groups are looking out for themselves. Humanity’s natural instinct o survive is the primary reason why violent wars are inevitable. As I have mentioned before, a civilization’s goal is to do anything they can to ensure the prominence and survival of their culture. The Crusades of the middle-ages are a perfect example of acting out on this cultural pride. In 1071, the Catholic Church had previously lost access of the Holy Lands to the Turks. They make a comeback in 1095, at the main series of the Crusades. A lot of conflict and fighting occurred at this time and lasted until 1291. Due to the reason they were fighting, war could have easily been avoidable. The Christians and the Muslims weren’t necessarily fighting for resources, but for the right to own the Holy Lands. The reason both religions wanted it was because both had ties to it. Since they weren’t fighting for resources, they should have been able to share the land without bloodshed. Both should have been able to exist with each other without conflict. Non-violence can be an alternative to war, but only if the people’s lives are a factor in the opposing force’s power. When the British were controlling their colonies in India, they were imposing taxes and trade. The British were using India for its own economic benefits. If the British started killing off the Indians, then there wouldn’t be anybody to pay them their taxes, not to mention it could start a war neither party could afford or want. Even if the British decided to get violent against the resistance, non-violence would have still been effective. This is because the British would use violence to induce fear, but at a cost. Since the British economy is dependent on the population of the people, they would actually damage themselves if they were to kill. When people are faced with the options to either fight or die because of competition over resources, they will chose to fight and war will occur. Some wars and conflicts in the past could have been avoided because both parties were intolerant of each other but wanted the same land. In this case, conflict should never have happened, and compromise should have been the solution. How to cite War and Peace, Essays

The Actor Essay Research Paper Moe MinkaraThe free essay sample

The Actor Essay, Research Paper Moe Minkara The Actor What is moving, who are people which we can call histrions? In fact we are all histrions. Every individual homo being is an histrion in his mundane life. Yet moving can be subdivided into two parts depending on a professional footing or daily one. Within the professional playing there are two major classs, Imitation and the art of going. Imitation, is when an histrion tries to mimic or copy a certain character by speaking the same manner and doing similar physical gestures that the character him self would usually make. Yet copying is non plenty because although the histrion mimes a character, he does non experience like him therefore doing it difficult for the audience to believe what they are seeing. Therefor the 2nd most of import measure is for the histrion to believe and to go the character. For him to make so, he has to carefully analyze the character he wishes to move. He should analyze every individual item, full incarnation, from the manner the histrion moves to the slightest tic he may hold. Sometimes histrions should populate out their parts in existent life, which helps them to acquire used to and be comfy with whom they # 8220 ; are # 8221 ; . One of the most of import factors in moving is Virtuosity, which is in manner or another to stand out in one or more thing such as the usage of 1s voice, or organic structure. Virtuosity brings out the impressiveness in a character or merely in a individual. The 2nd most of import facet is charming that brings under it # 8220 ; presence # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; magnetic attraction # 8221 ; , and # 8220 ; personal appeal # 8221 ; . Magic is felt, and is considered more of a feeling or a vibration that the histrion sends to the audience. In order to go good histrions, one has to understand and be able to utilize # 8221 ; the histrion # 8217 ; s instrument # 8220 ; . The histrion # 8217 ; s instruments can be best described as commanding 1s head and can be subdivided in two chief parts physiological and psychological. The most of import factor under physiological instrument is the voice, which includes how to take a breath, speak, undertaking and command the many powers that one can command with his voice. Furthermore, another chief factor to be considered is the physiological instrument. This instrument is used to command 1s physical relaxation, muscular control, economic system of action, and expressive beat and motion forms. All these assist the character maintain an act or clasp phase throughout an full public presentation. Imagination and surprise are really of import arms or power for an histrion. Helping the histrion to convey world and spontaneousness to the phase. Yet the most of import of all is discipline. For the life of an histrion is non a really easy life to take. They require a batch of work, concentration, and forbearance at the most vague hours of the twenty-four hours. They should be in control of themselves and cognize how to cover with people and most significantly how to cover with his colleagues. Bing a disciplined histrion does non intend bondage, yet he or she is required to cognize how to work strictly to develop his or her physiological and psychological instrument. Furthermore, anothe R of import factor is the actor’s attack. Under this class, there are two traditional methods that histrions normally follow. The first is the external or proficient and the internal or true. The external method is when the histrion acts out physically the function without respect to personal feelings. Believers in such an external attack treat the actor’s public presentation as an parallel of world instead than a direct incarnation of it. Contrary to this, the internal methods focal point on the histrion # 8217 ; s personal premise of his character. These internal methods tend to spread out th psychological dimensions of a public presentation and to assist absorb the world of the character being played. # 8221 ; you must populate the life of your character on phase # 8220 ; . Every histrion has a certain modus operandi to follow composed of three phases, the auditing, dry run, and eventually the public presentation. The first is the manner the histrion gets the function. The 2nd is the manner the histrion learns it. The last is the manner the histrion produces it. In try outing, it is critical for the histrion to experience at easiness with managing the function, naturalness of bringing, physical. Vocal, and emotional suitableness for the function. All these with a small appeal are a must in order for him/her to bring forth the # 8220 ; magic # 8221 ; which is required for the function. In rehearsing, the histrion needs to larn by bosom his function, and has to be aquatinted with the character and seek his/her best to incarnate the character in order to make the ultimate aim of the function. The rehearsal period is a clip of experimentation and find. The public presentation, gratuitous to state is the wages for all that the histrion has been through. Yet it is non a gag and should neer be taken lightly. For a superb dry run can crumple before an audience and vice-versa. An histrion should command his phase fear and allow himself be taken away with his public presentation with no 2nd ideas. Presence is the most of import factor on phase, and for presence to be, the histrion must be really confident of what he is and what he is making on phase. Most significantly a public presentation is non a one manner statement given from the phase to the house, it is a two manner participatory communicating between the histrions and the audience. The histrions portray their motions and laughs, while the audiences portray their feedback with their silence, laughter, hand clapping and attending. It is really indispensable to cognize that an histrions public presentation does non stop with the drama, it goes on until after the drape call and most significantly the histrion should larn from one public presentation and utilize his acquired cognition in his following public presentation. In decision, I can state that moving is a life manner on its ain. As easy as it may look, the life of an histrion is really tough and non ever every bit honoring as one expects it to be. # 8221 ; A lifetime professional calling in moving is the end of many but the achievement of really few # 8220 ; . Bibliography History of theatre theatrical public presentation The histrion # 8217 ; s guide

1984 Nineteen Eighty

1984 Nineteen Eighty 1984: Nineteen Eighty-four and Varying Different Forms Essay The novel 1984 by George Orwell is a dystopian text written in 1948 to serve as warning against the dangers of a totalitarian society. Prominent events in the 1940s such as the fear of Communist powers rising and the development of new technologies has driven Orwell create a society that reflects upon the abuse of technology in a world which absolute political authority is present. Conflict in its varying different forms has been thoroughly explored throughout the text through the author’s use of powerful literary techniques. Immediately, we are drawn into the world of 1984, where conflict is reflected through the government’s totalitarian regime and the conformed society which the citizens live in. This bleak and dismal society is conveyed through the author’s use of a dull and depressing tone in the opening paragraphs. The ending of the first paragraph ‘†¦the clocks were striking thirteen.’ gives us the first insight that there is something abnormal about this society, as the word ‘thirteen’ is not generally used in everyday society. The repetition of government propaganda is present within this society as we come across numerous posters each depicting the face of a man, with the caption ‘BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU’ emblazoned underneath. The character, Big Brother is depicted as the figurehead of a government which has absolute power within the state. Further evidence of the government’s overwhelming power is given through the descri ption of the Ministry of Truth, ‘†¦an enormous pyramidal structure of glittering white concrete, soaring up, terrace after terrace, three hundred metres into the air.’ Orwell uses the technique of imagery symbolism to convey the oppressive might of the government, with the Ministry of Truth easily standing out from the rest of the dilapidated landscape. Orwell’s earlier warning on the dangers of technological advancement is shown through the government’s abuse of technology as a means to constantly monitor its subjects. ‘Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper would be picked up by it....he could be seen as well as heard’. Conflict is portrayed through circumstances which relate back to context and through the totalitarian regime and its oppression of all those who live in it. Through means of propaganda and control of information, the Party is able to manipulate its subjects by creating tension that will inevitably lead to conflict within that society. War is a recurring theme within the novel, as a means of oppression to keep its subjects in a state of constant fear. ’ â€Å"Our forces in South India have won a glorious victory. I am authorised to say that the action we are reporting may well bring the war within measurable distance of its end.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The author uses dialogue to broadcast a constant stream of war propaganda that is specifically designed to make the Party appear successful while also serving as a distraction from any possible simmering resentment within the state. The true nature of the war, is kept hidden from citizens as to even whom the enemy is, is left unclear. Winston’s thoughts reflect this; ‘The Party said that Oceania had never been in alliance with Eurasia. He, Winston Smith, knew that Oceania had be en in alliance with Eurasia as short time as four years ago. But where did that knowledge exist?’ Orwell’s use of a rhetoric question allows us to grasp this state of utter confusion to show an individual’s inability to rely on their own memory making them perfectly willing believe whatever the Party says. The Party slogan ‘Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.’ depicts how by controlling the present, the Party is able to manipulate the past and by controlling the past the Party is able justify its actions in the present and therefore maintain control within that society. Conflict is evident through the government’s arrogant exercise of power as shown in their psychological

Free Essays on Himavant

of power that he chooses convey another message than their meaning. According to Eliot’s footnote and other sources, God is known to speak through thunder to the Indian Upanishads. The Upanishads are a collection of Indian speculations on the nature of reality and the soul and the relations between these two. Eliot has chosen these word because the Upanishads and himself share this common belief about the nature of reality. Now that God has spoken through the thunder and showed mercy by allowing rain to fall, â€Å"th... Free Essays on Himavant Free Essays on Himavant Himavant† T.S. Eliot’s unique approach to postwar decay and redemption in The Waste Land has left readers stunned. Eliot goes into many descriptions of â€Å"unreal† cities that continuously go through a cycle of destruction, rebuilding and then destruction again. Towards the end of the novel, a description of a horrid wasteland that seems to have no hope goes through a transformation back into a flourishing land, like an unreal city. The sacred river of the India’s, the Ganges, which provides nature with its necessary resources to survive, has sunken to the point that everything is dying. As life withers away, there is a glimpses of hope as â€Å"the black clouds / gathered far distant, over Himavant†. According to the British National Library the Buddhists refer to the Himalayas, which lie to the north of the Ganges, as the â€Å"Himavant†. The reference of the Himalayas is important because of its power. This mighty power holds the key to the life in the wasteland, since it is what feeds the river, which revives the withered life. High above the mountains, the powerful thunder starts and through its speech it can â€Å"give,† â€Å"sympathize† and â€Å"control† over the wasteland. Eliot tries to reflect on each of these aspects of the thunder’s speech and its power. This idea of the thunder speaking and the word that it says is taken form the Upanishads and written by Eliot in Sanskrit. These words of power that he chooses convey another message than their meaning. According to Eliot’s footnote and other sources, God is known to speak through thunder to the Indian Upanishads. The Upanishads are a collection of Indian speculations on the nature of reality and the soul and the relations between these two. Eliot has chosen these word because the Upanishads and himself share this common belief about the nature of reality. Now that God has spoken through the thunder and showed mercy by allowing rain to fall, â€Å"th...

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class Assignment - 2

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class - Assignment Example I had no idea that understanding the change in trends, economic environment, political and legal environment is significantly important for marketing. In economies where the culture varies, the marketers have to come up with new and innovative strategies to increase demand. The marketing strategies are built on the basis of understanding the economic environment of a society which comprise of factors like demographics, culture, political & legal environment and the technological advancements to which the people have adapted to. Globalization has increased competition and the barriers have been removed. This in turn has brought changes in the institutional environment and has brought a significant effect on the marketers and their strategies (Griffith, 2010). In this globalizing world the marketer must make an attempt to understand the laws and regulation of the economies they are engaging in business with. They must respect the culture of the people so that effective marketing can be done. Understanding the people must be the primary objective of the marketer. The political condition and stability of an economy may be subject to change. This may change a few laws and regulations of the economy. The stability of the company may be tested under these varying conditions. I studied that the management and the marketers design their strategies in accordance to the political stability/instability in an economy. Sovereignty, political risk, taxes etc. are major concerns for the investors and hence are also of significant importance to the marketers while forming strategies (Shenkar, 2004). The political risk in the economy, the hikes in taxes expected if any and the jurisdiction are part of the economic environments. A socio economic society is dominated by the social norms and cultures which have been developed by the residents of the society (Shenkar, 2004). This gave me knowledge of interrelation of the entire factor and their growing significant importance as the world is becoming a global village. Hofstede proposed various theories to signify the importance of culture. He also identified certain traits of the individuals of the society. He argued that it is very important that the varying culture of the economies must be studied. Hofstede’s dimension of cultural relationship is based on five factors which are power distance, individualist, masculine & feminine cultures, uncertainty avoidance and long term orientation. The study of this model gives a clear understanding and classification of culture. The understanding that was developed by the marketers was that culture is the biggest factor which determines the success or failure of the product. This model is related to nature and time and the significant impact of globalizing has increased its use (De Mooij & Hofstede, 2002). While studying this concept I developed an understanding that Market segmentation is the process of grouping various customers into segments which have similar needs. The responses of the individuals are also similar in this segment. The responses of the segments vary with the changing situation. The segmentation can be carried out on the basis of Demographics, Psychographics, Geographical location etc. similarly targeting is dividing the market into various groups and classes. Positioning is the process of developing an image of the product for the customer (Viswanathan & Dickson,

Business Aticate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Aticate - Essay Example tion and bribery in Saudi Arabia is rife but it is all because the Saudis â€Å"have different way of doing business and that has also contributed to the western perception.† Giving the genesis of the complaints the westerns he says that this perception was developed in the oil boom years and in modernization drive. Actually, those were the Americans European corporations which paid the huge bribes to the well connected Saudi agent to get lucrative deals in the kingdom. The complaints have become less common as the western have grown more familiar with the Saudi ways and it is relatively a â€Å"calmer business environment.† The reason of dying out the above mentioned perceptions was the â€Å"availability of excess cash† which helped promoting wasteful consumption. In the subheading â€Å"Business Ethics† (207) Well says, â€Å" the bottom line is that what a Western observer call bribery or influencing paddling does not have the same taint to Saudi. For the Saudi, providing a personal connection as legitimate business service, for which it is natural to expect be paid. In the past, payment has meant whatever the market would bear--------- in other words, whatever you can get away with. But in recent years, the Saudi government---- sensitive to the Western cries of corruption------ has regulated agents â€Å"fee† more closely. -------- For some observes, ‘corrupt† mean departing from locally accepted norms of behavior, in which case the Saudis are merely following their own cultural traditions. Such practices, indeed, are common throughout the Middle East. You might have a less forgiving view, but that’s your business. Literally.† Well coins a phrase of â€Å"mental compartment† to explain the pattern of thinking of the Saudis. â€Å"What this means is that the Saudis tend to see a choice from only one point of view at a time, and to ignore its possible consequences in different areas.†(214) Riad is of the view â€Å"since its[Saudi Arabia] out of the former Ottoman

Ibandronate vs. Alendronate for Osteoporosis

Ibandronate vs. Alendronate for Osteoporosis Cost-Effectiveness of Ibandronate vs. Alendronate used in treatment of osteoporosis, in a specialized clinic in Tirana. Dr. Mirela Miraà §i1; Msc.Arlinda Demeti2; Prof.as Zamira Ylli3; Prof.Mira Zià §ishti3; Prof.As Suela Kellià §i1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Tirana. Bioparafarmacia Franceze Neostyle Clinic Abstract: Osteoporosis is â€Å"a systemic skeletal disease with a high prevalence. Biphosphonates are medicaments which are chosen for their efficacy in reducing fracture incidence, increasing bone density and improving bone microarchitecture. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drugs (ibandronate and alendronate) used in osteoporosis treatment, in post-menopausal women over the age of 50 years at a specialized clinic in Tirana; to calculate the annual cost of treatment of osteoporosis and to perform a cost effectiveness analyze. Methods: Retrospective. The patients were all female, in menopause or post menopause, with T-score -1 to -6, treated with alendronate or ibandronate. The effectiveness is calculated as the average percentage of change in bone mineral density (av. % of change in BMD) of year 2011 vs. 2010 baseline. The annual cost of the treatment of osteoporosis according to the protocols and the cost of the examination with DXA scan (dual x-ray absorptiometry) were calculated. Finally a comparison of the cost-effectiveness was performed. Conclusion:  Patients with osteoporosis treated with Ibandronate, at our clinic in Tirana, have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients treated with Alendronate, with statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 66.0, p The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 1.3 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate. Ibandronate is more cost effective than all other alendronate . Introduction: Osteoporosis is â€Å"a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures† (1) The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as â€Å"bone density 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean for young white adult women at lumbar spine, femoral neck or forearm†. (2) Osteoporosis leads to nearly 9million fractures each year worldwide and over 300,000patients with fragility fractures are registered in UK hospitals each year (British Orthopaedic Association, 2007).(3) Osteoporoza, à «shtà « njà « sà «mundje me njà « prevalencà « tà « lartà « edhe nà « Shqipà «ri (7.28% e popullatà «s dhe 9.6% tek femrat)4, e njà «jtà « me atà « tà « hasur pà «r astmà «n apo sà «mundjet e zemrà «s; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Direct medical costs due to fragility fractures in UK healthcare economy were estimated at  £1.8billion in 2000, with the potential to increase to  £2.2billion by 2025 and the major part of these costs were related to hip fracture care. (5) The annual cost of osteoporosis and fractures in the US elderly was estimated at $16 billion(6) Osteoporosis is diagnosed by a T-score, which is the number of standard deviation (SD) that patient’s bone mineral density (BMD), measured using dualX-ray absorptiometry, differs from the mean BMD of 30-years old premenopausal women. Patients with T-score of between -1 and -2.5 SD are said to have osteoporosis.7,8 Biphosphonates are medicaments which are chosen for their efficacy in reducing fracture incidence, increasing bone density and improving bone microarchitecture.9-15 Top of Form Methods: Retrospective. The patients were all female, in menopause or post menopause, 50 years old or elder, with T-score -1 to -6, diagnosed for the 1rst time in 2010 (the 1rst BMD measurement), who have received treatment (alendronate or ibandronate) for 12 months and in 2011 have performed a 2nd BMD measurement. The effectiveness is calculated as the average percentage of change in bone mineral density (av.% of change in BMD) of year 2011 vs. 2010 baseline. It was calculated the annual cost of the treatment of osteoporosis according to the protocols: with once monthly 150 mg oral ibandronate plus supplements (calcium, vitamine D) and once weekly 70 mg alendronate (4 times per month) plus supplements (calcium, vitamine D). There are also included other direct costs such as the examination with DXA scan (dual x-ray absorptiometry) to determine the diagnosis and the medical visits. Finally a comparison of the cost-effectiveness will be performed. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 statistical package. It is used the non-parametric Man Whitney U test to compare the continuous variables, Fisher Exact test was used to compare proportions between variables and the the Odds Ratio OR for assessing the association between variables. Point estimations are accompanied with interval estimation by 95 % CI. For continuous variables is presented the average, the standard deviation and the minimum and maximum values. The level of statistical significance is defined at ÃŽ ± ≠¤ 005. Statistical tests are two-sided.duhet te shihet gjuha e perdorur, a qendron ne anglisht? Results of the study In our study were included 70 patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria. 24 patients were treated with once monthly 150 mg oral ibandronate and 46 patients with once weekly 70 mg alendronate.There were not case of fracture among our patients. Table 1 compares the frequency of pathologies (osteopenia and osteoporosis) in two groups of patients treated with alendronat or ibandronat. Osteoporosis Osteopenia Ibandronate 14 10 Alendronate 18 28 OR= 1.3 95%CI 0.5 4.2 p=0.4 Your contribution will be used to improve translation quality and may be shown to users anonymously Contribute Close Thank you for your submission. Number of patients treated with alendronate is 1.3 times higher than the number of patients treated with ibandronate in the case of osteoporosis. (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.5-4.2, p = 0.4). Chart 1 Calculation of efficiency We have to calculate the average percentage of change of BMD (2011) to baseline (2010): Table2. In the group of Alandronate (N=46) we have found this data: Osteoporosis n=18 Osteopeni n= 28 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p T Score 2010 -3.2 (0.7) -4.6 -2.5 -1.9 (0.4) -2.4 -1.1 507.0 T Score 2011 -3.1 (0.8) -4.7 -2.2 -1.8 (0.6) -2.4 -1.1 515.5 Age, yrs 61.2 (8.0) 51.0 – 79.0 59.1 (7.8) 51.0 – 81.0 223.5 0.3 Height, m 1.5 (0.05) 1.4 – 1.6 1.5 (0.07) 1.4 – 1.7 304.5 0.3 Weight, kg 58.8 (8.3) 46.0 – 73.0 68.6 (11.1) 51.0 – 95.0 376.5 0.01 *Age-Group, yrs n (%) n (%) OR (95% CI) 50 -59 yrs 8 (17) 19 (41) 60 -69 yrs 7 (15.2) 6 (13.0) 1.6 0.4 – 6.7 0.4 >70 yrs 3 (7) 3 (7) 2.8 0.4 – 25.2 0.3 *Fisher exact test p=0.3 There are 46 patients treated with alendronate. 18 ( 39.1 %) (95% ; CI 29.7 52.1) of them suffer from osteoporosis and 28 ( 60.9 % ) (95 % CI 47.8 74.2) from osteopenia, with no statistically significant difference between them, p = 0.9 Grupmosha 60 – 69 vjeà § ka 1.6 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajnà « nga Osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=1.6; 95%CI 0.4–6.7; p=0.4) Grupmosha >70 vjeà § ka 2.8 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajnà « nga osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=2.8; 95%CI 0.4–25.2; p=0.3) Pacientet me Osteopeni kanà « peshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteoporozà «, me ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=376.5, p=0.01) Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « tà « njà «jtà «n gjatà «si mesatare me pacientà «t me Osteopeni, pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndesishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=304.5, p=0.3). The change from baseline for Alendronate group The change from baseline is calculated: Table 3 Osteoporosis n=18 Osteopenia n= 28 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 2.1 (4.5) -7.6 – 13.9 1.7 (6.2) -23 – 11.1 316.0 0.2 Patients with osteopenia have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients with osteoporosis, no statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 316.0, p = 0.2). Table 4. In the group of Ibandronate (N = 24) we have find this data: Osteoporosis n=14 Osteopeni n= 10 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p T Score 2010 -3.7 (0.7) -5.0 -2.7 -1.8 (0.3) -2.2 -1.4 140.0 T Score 2011 -3.2 (0.8) -4.4 -1.7 -1.5 (0.4) -2.1 -1.0 134.5 Age yrs 64.3 (7.3) 53.0 77.0 59.1 (5.0) 53.0 – 68.0 39.5 0.07 Height (m) 1.5 (0.05) 1.4 – 1.6 1.5 (0.06) 1.4 – 1.6 71.0 0.9 Weight 66.2 (10.9) 47.0 – 84.0 70.7 (7.1) 65.0 – 82.0 90.5 0.2 *Age-group, yrs n (%) n (%) OR (95% CI) 50 -59 yrs 3 (12.5) 6 (25.0) 60 -69 yrs 8 (33.3) 4 (16.7) 3.7 0.6 – 27.8 0.2 >70 yrs 3 (12.5) 0 13 0.5 – 33.0 0.03 *Fisher exact test p There are 24 patients treated with Ibandronate. 14 (58.3%), (95% CI 33.2-76.5) of them suffer from osteoporosis and 10 (43.7%), (95% CI 23.4-61.7) of osteopenia, no statistically significant difference between them, p = 0.9. Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « njà « moshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteopeni, por pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=39.5, p=0.07). Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « tà « njejtà «n gjatà «si mesatare me pacientet me Osteopeni, pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndermjet tyre (Man Whitney U=71.0, p=0.9) Grupmosha 60 – 69 vjeà § ka 3.7 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajà « nga Osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=3.7; 95%CI 0.6–27.8; p=0.2). Grupmosha >70 vjeà § ka 13 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajà « nga osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà § me ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=13; 95%CI 0.5–33.0; p=0.03). Pacientà «t me Osteopeni kanà « peshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteoporozà «, por pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=90.5, p=0.2) The change from baseline for Ibandronate group (N=24) The change from baseline is calculated: Table5 Osteoporosis n=14 Osteopenia n= 10 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 7.3 (6.1) -0.5 – 17.3 3.3 (2.2) -1.3 – 6.3 43.0 0.1 Patients with osteoporosis have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients with osteopenia, no statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 43.0, p = 0.1) Comparison of change from baseline for patients with osteoporosis referring the two drugs. Table 6. Alendronate n=18 Ibandronate n= 14 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 2.1 (4.5) -7.6 – 13.9 7.3 (6.1) -0.5 – 17.3 66.0 Chart 2. The change from baseline for patients with osteoporosis Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « tà « mjekuar me medikamentin Ibandronat kanà « njà « ndryshim mesatar nga baseline mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientet e mjekuar me Alendronat, me ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndesishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=66.0, p Table 7. Percentages of the average change of BMD from baseline Total Osteoporosis Ostopenia Alendronate 1.83564848 2.081694 1.677476 Ibandronate 5.635355 7.27025 3.346503 Chart 3. Nga figura rezulton se efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat (5.6) à «shtà « dukshà «m mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (1.8). Efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat tek pacientà «t me osteoporozà « (7.3) à «shtà « dukshà «m mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (2.1). Efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat tek pacientà «t me osteoponi (3.3) à «shtà « mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (1.7). Cost analysis We consider only direct costs such as: DXA scanner examinations, medical visits and medications costs (drugs and the supplements), according to a well-defined treatment protocol. In Albania, there is only one kind of ibandronate (only one brand) 150 mg / once a month, while there are lots of alendronate (different brands) 70 mg / 4 times per month, which we have called A1,A2,A3, A4,A5. We have calculated the costs of the only ibandronate and the costs of five types of alendronate, including the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market. In both cases the basic treatment is associated with calcium and vitamin D. Table 8 Annual Cost of treatment and cost of examination Nr Currency Quantity Cost Month Annual Costs 1 Diagnostics skaner DXA Lek1 1 4,000 4,000 Medical examination 1 1,000 1,000 2 Type of Alendronat 70mg A1 lek 4 3,410 12 40,920 A2 lek 4 2,093 12 25,116 A3 lek 4 3,301 12 39,612 A4 lek 4 4,102 12 49,224 A.5 (Albanian Product) lek 4 1,200 12 14,400 3 Ibandronat 150 mg lek 1 4,873 12 58,476 4 Calcium Carbonat 1000 mg + Colecalciferol 880 UI lek 30 1,019 12 12,228 Table 9 Cost of illness according the type of medications Type of Alendronat 1+2+4 Annual costs A1 lek 58,148 A2 lek 42,344 A3 lek 56,840 A4 lek 66,452 A5 lek 31,628 Type of Ibandronat 1+3+4 Annual costs I1 lek 75,704 The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 2.4 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market, respectivly 537[1] euro versus 226 euro per patient in alendronate group. Having all the annual costs and the efficiency for each drug, we can compare: Table 10 Name (Changes by baseline in %) Efficiency of alendronate 1.83565 Efficiency of ibandronate 5.63536 Table11 Type of treatment C/E Alendronate A1 31,677 A2 23,068 A3 30,965 A4 36,201 A5 17,230 Ibandronate 13,434 The analyse of cost per efficiency unit (Table 10) shows that in the case of ibandronate the value obtained is 13.434 units and in alendronate A1 case is 31.677 units. Discussion of results Patients with osteoporosis treated with Ibandronate, at our clinic in Tirana, have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients treated with Alendronate, with statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 66.0, p 16 The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 1.3 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate A1 and 2.4 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market. So as claimed, the cost for effectiveness unit is lower (about 2.3 times) in the case of ibandronate compared to alendronate A1. Well ibandronate results the most cost- effective. Ibandronate turns more cost effective than all other alendronate including the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market Literature Christiansen, C. (1993). Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis,and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646–50. Kanis, J.A. (1994). Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening forPostmenopausal Osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva: World HealthOrganization. Johnell O, Kanis JA (2006) An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis International 17: 1726–33. Dorina Ruco,(Dhjetor 2011): Osteoporoza nà « qytetin e Tiranà «s British Orthopaedic Association (2007).The care of patients with fragility fracture. Burge RT, Worley D, Johansen A, et al. The cost of osteoporotic fractures in the UK: projections for 2000–2020. Journal of Medical Economics 4: 51–52. Blume SW,Curtis JR Osteoporos Int.2011 Jun;22(6):1835-44. doi: 10.1007/s00198-010-1419-7. Epub 2010 Dec 17. Medical costs of osteoporosis in the elderly Medicare population. BMJ Group. Annual zoledronic acid for osteoporosis. Drug Ther Bull. 2008 Dec;46(12):93-6. Cummings SR, Melton LJ. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 2002;359:1761e7. Delmas PD. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 2002;359:2018e26. Hochberg MC, Ross PD, Black D, et al. Larger increases in bone mineral density during alendronate therapy are associated with a lower risk of new vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1246e54. Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, et al. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1586e92. Epstein S. The roles of bone mineral density, bone turnover, and other properties in reducing fracture risk during antiresorptive therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:379e88. McClung MR, Wasnich RD, Recker R, et al. Oral daily ibandronateprevents bone loss in early postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:11e8. Rosen CJ. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353: Miller PD,Epstein S,Sedarati F,Reginster JY Once-monthly oral ibandronate compared with weekly oral alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the head-to-head MOTION study. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042311

Persuasive Study: Why We Vote Essay

America has been the land of the free and the home of the brave since 1776. America has been free from the monarchy of Great Britain. Over 200 years later, American citizens still fight for freedom and to uphold a strong democracy. Voting is important in America because the opinions and the results of voters reflect America’s morals and ethic, and the right to vote is a privilege. Also, every vote counts. Because America has the opportunity to vote, the overall view of America is not formed of what she truly is, but what the citizens are. What a person’s character is consists of what their values and beliefs are. When voting is accessible, those who do vote, vote for what represents them most accurately. If the voters don’t vote, the only representation of this country is of those who did vote. America is one of the only countries that have the freedom to vote with a democracy government in the world. Many countries do not have an option of whether or not they wish to vote. Monarchies or dictatorships, for example, have one ruler that enforces and makes all the laws and rules of that specific country; the citizens do not have a say about what they think is wrong or right. Because America has the opportunity to vote, the privilege should be expressed as much as possible. With the dilemma of not all citizens voting, the democracy can be far from a success. Those citizens that do vote present strong patriotism. Although patriotism is a praised emotion, not all patriotic people have the same ideas for this country. For example, a recent controversy is the problems with abortion. If majority of citizens that vote are not against abortion but a few others are against voting, they will lose all possibilities of opposing abortion simply because they gave up. Ever since 1776, America has been a democracy and a free country. Having a government that is a democracy, the right to vote accompanies it. Voting is crucial to the system of democracy for various reasons: the laws and representatives exemplify not only the government but the whole country, voting can be taken for granted and should be appreciated more, and if a citizen does not vote, they have no say in what happens in this country.

Nestle Group

Management On Nestle International Ltd MGT: 141 Principal of management Prepared For: Afrins farid Assistant Professor Faculty, Business Administration Prepaid By: Km Iftakharul huq| 12310527| Nusrat jahan| 12310305| Estiaq hasan| 12310312| Israt sharmin| 12310217| Farzana sultana| 12310219| Rakib hasan| 12310532| University of Information Technology & Science (UITS) Contents December, 12, 2012 To, Afrins farid Assistant Professor Faculty, Business Administration University Of Information Technology & ScienceSubject: Submission of a report. Dear Madam, With due regards and respect we state that we are very thankful to you as you assigned us this report on ‘’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. it is a great opportunity for us to acquire the theoretical & practical knowledge about five functions of management in Nestle International Ltd which is a reputed multinational organization . we have tried our best to gather what we believe to be The most comple te information available. Sincerely THE MANAGER 2. HistoryNestle – the world's largest food group, not only in terms of its sales but also in terms of its product range and its geographical presence: Nestle covers nearly every field of nutrition: infant formula, milk products, chocolate and confectionery, instant coffee, ice-cream, culinary products, frozen ready-made meals, mineral water etc. We are also a major producer of pet food. In most of these product groups and in most markets, Nestle is the leader or at least a strong number two. We are a very focused Company, with more than 94 percent of the sales coming from the food and beverage sector.Nestle is present around the globe, on all continents, with around 230,000 people working in more in an 84 countries with 466 factories and with sales representatives in at least another 70 countries. Many of our brand names are familiar to you: Nescafe, Nido, Maggi, Polo, Smartest, Milo, Perrier, Friskies, KitKat, Crunch†¦. S ome of our products have broken records: 3,000 cups of Nescafe are consumed every second. and KitKat merited an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's best-selling chocolate bar with 418 KitKat fingers eaten every second around the world!Nestle management provided their employees functionally with good environment, they also influences their employees various facilities like Healthy Salaries, increments. We are acquired more experience to research and analysis this report, that help us future job performance. We create this by Microsoft office 2007. Finally, we thanked those people who are help through valuable information of as. Also thanks our honorable Teacher Afrins farid for her guideline 2. 1Background of the Report: Management is a phenomenon.It is a very popular and widely used term. All organization are involved in management because it helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose. We are student of BBA program, our principal of manag ement Afrins Farid Assigned as to prepare a report on ’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. We have made a survey for required information in Nestle official site in net. We have selected our topics as ’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. We have prepared our report on December 07, 2012 which will be submitted by December 12, 2012. . 1. 2Objective: The report aims to provide information on suggest more valuable information a report on ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. The objective of Nestle is to gain more market share and become the global market leader in the Food and Nutrition industry. The company has to experience a hardship in order to sustain that position especially to stay ahead of Cadbury. It is because that Cadbury is being acquired by Kraft food which is the world leader in the chocolate business.Nestle's business objective, and that of management and employees at all levels, is to manufacture and market the Company’s products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for shareholders, employees, consumers, business partners and the large number of national economies in which Nestle operates; 1. 2 Management. Objectives: The report aims to provide 3Primary employee motivated effected by the Nestle International Ltd though information on suggest more valuable information to how the 1. 2. 1Scope of the study:There is a certain boundary to cover this report. Our particular report only covers on how the ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. we mainly focus five function of business ; managerial skills. 1. 2. 2. Limitation of the study: We are lucky enough to get change to prepare a report on ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. We tried heart ; soul to purpose a well-informed a report. But unfortunates we faced some difficulties’ when preparing this report. We tried to overcome the difficulties. In spite of trying our level best some difficulties that hamper our schedule report work.The employee of regional office of Bangladesh was too busy of their work. For this, they did not sufficient time to fulfill our queries and some of them neglected us to support. 1. 2. 3. Difficulty in collecting data: Many employers of the organization were not well known about all information that we asked them. Many of them also hesitated to answer the questions. These things humped the information collection. 1. INTRODUCTION Nestle with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle and is today the world's leading nutrition, health and wellness  Company.Sales for 2007 were CHF 107. 6 ban, with a net profit of CHF  10. 6 bn. We employ around 276  050 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The Company's strategy is guided by several fundamental principles. Nestle's existing products grow through innovation and renovation while m aintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Company's priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives.The Nestle Addresses navigation at the top of this page will give you access to Nestle offices and websites around the world. We demonstrate through our way of doing business in all the countries where we are present a deep understanding of the local nature of nutrition, health and wellness; we know that there is no one single product for everyone – our products are tailored to suit tastes and habits wherever you are. 1. 1Nestle at a glance: Nestle S. A. Industry Food processing Founded Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (1866) Ferine Lactee Henri Nestle (1867)Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (1905) Founder(s) Henri Nestle, Charles Page, George Page * Henri Nestle endowed his company with the symbol derived from his name. His family coat of arms, the nest with a mother bird * protecting her young, became the Company's logo and a symbol of the Company's care * and attitude to life-long nutrition. The Nestle nest represents the nourishment, security and sense of family that are so essential to life. * Headquarters Vevey, Switzerland * Area served Worldwide * Key people Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (Chairman)Paul Bulcke (CEO) * Products Baby food, coffee, dairy products, breakfast cereals, confectionery, bottled water, ice cream, pet foods) * Revenue CHF 83. 64  billion (2011) * Operating income CHF 12. 53  billion (2011) * Profit CHF 9. 487  billion (2011) * Total assets CHF 114. 09  billion (2011) * Total equity CHF 58. 27  billion (2011) * Employees 328,000 (2012) * Website www. nestle. com 1. 1. 2 KEY DATES 1866|   | Foundation of Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. | 1867|   | Henry Nestle's Infant cereal developed| 1905|   | Nestle and Anglo Swiss Condensed M ilk Co. new name after merger)| 1929|   | Merger with Peter, Cailler, Kohler Chocolats Suisses S. A. | 1934|   | Launch of Milo| 1938|   | Launch of Nescafe| 1947|   | Nestle Alimentana S. A. (New name after merger with Maggi)| 1948|   | Launch of Nestea and Nesquik| 1969|   | Vittel (initially equity interest only)| 1971|   | Merger with Ursina-Franck| 1973|   | Stouffer (with Lean Cuisine)| 1974|   | L'Oreal (associate)| 1977|   | Nestle S. A. (new company name)| |   | Alcon (2002: partial IPO)| | | | 1981|   | Galderma (joint venture with L’Oreal)| 1985|   | Carnation (with Coffee Mate and Friskies)| 986|   | Creation of Nestle Nespresso S. A. | 1988|   | Buitoni-Perugina, Rowntree (with Kit Kat)| 1990|   | Cereal Partners Worldwide (joint venture with General Mills)| 1991|   | Beverage Partners Worldwide (joint venture with Coca-Cola)| 1992|   | Perrier (with Poland Spring)| 1993|   | Creation of Nestle Sources Internationals (2002: N estle Waters)| 1997|   | Creation of Nutrition Strategic Business Division (2006: Nestle Nutrition)| 1998|   | San Pellegrino and Spillers Pet foods| |   | Launch of Nestle Pure Life | 2000|   | Power Bar| 2001|   | Ralston Purina| 2002|   | Scholler and Chef America|   | Dairy Partners Americas (joint venture with Fonterra)|   |   | Laboratories inneov (joint venture with L’Oreal)| 2003|   | Move pick and Dreyer's| 2005|   | Wagner, Proteika and Musashi| 2006|   | Acquisition of Uncle Toby’s and Jenny Craig. Creation of Foodservices Strategic Business Division|   |   | Lactalis Nestle Produits Frais (associate)| |   | Jenny Craig, Uncle Toby’s and Delta Ice Cream| 2007|   | Acquisition of Novartis Medical Nutrition, Gerber and Henniez. |   |   | Re-launch of Foodservices as Nestle Professional. |   |   | Partnership with luxury chocolate maker Pierre Marcolini. 1. 1. 3 Vision Beyond sound nutrition, the future of foods wi ll increasingly be driven by science. Nestle scientists are looking ahead to the foods of the future. Nestle  R&D  is translating nutrition and food science in two ways: * From consumer needs into research priorities * From emerging science into consumer benefits, and services. The vision of Nestle  R&D  is long term. 1. 1. 4 Mission At Nestle, we believe that research can help us to make better food, so that people live better life. Good food is the primary source of good health, so we are trying to make good food.To provide fresh and pure products to the customers, we introduced (SHE) Safety, Health and environment policy to protect health of our employs and keep clean our surrounding environment. 3. Senior Management: The executive board, a distinct entity from the board of directors, includes: * Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Nestle S. A. * Paul Buckle, Chief Executive Officer, Nestle S. A. * Werner Bauer, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. , Chief Technology Officer, Head of Innovation, Technology, Research & Development * Friz van Dijk, Executive Vice President, Nestle S.A. Asia, Oceania, Africa, Middle East * Chris Johnson, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. United States of America, Canada, Latin America, Caribbean * Jose Lopez, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Operations, GLOBE * John J. Harris, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Chairman & CEO of Nestle Waters * Nandu Nandkishore, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. CEO of Nestle Nutrition * James Singh, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Finance and Control, Legal, IP, Tax, Global Nestle Business Services * Laurent Freixe, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Europe * PetraeaHeynike, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Strategic Business Units, Marketing, Sales and Nespresso * Marc Caira, Deputy Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Head of Nestle Professional Strategic Business Division * Jean-Marc Duvoisin, Deputy Executive Vice P resident Nestle S. A. Head of Human Resources and Centre Administration * David P. Frick, Senior Vice President and ex officio Member of the Executive Board Brazil headquarters in Brooklin Novo, Sao Paulo According to a 2006 global survey of online consumers by the Reputation Institute, Nestle has a reputation score of 70. 4 on a scale of 1–100. . 1. Management of Nestle Management of Nestle believes in an open door policy and highly discourages bureaucracy in the operational process. The Organization offers an international and multicultural working climate which is conducive to creativity, innovation and the development of personality, and which gives new employees responsibility at an early stage of their career, and opportunities of fast development of high performers. Nestle is a human company where people are the most important asset and where they can develop their personality and skills to their own and their families' satisfaction.Nestle offers a competitive compensa tion package and social benefits in line with Nestle's commitment to high standards. In addition, the organization offers progressive development through on-going training throughout your career. Training possibilities are available to all staff. Nestle recently introduced e-learning in Bangladesh, a web-based programmed for self development. When joining Nestle, your training is not over – it is only just the beginning Management is defined as the process of setting and achieving goals through the execution of 5 basic management functions that utilize human, financial and material resources. Efficiently means using resources optimally / best possible use * Effectively means getting the things done/making right decision and implementation 4. PLANNING Planning of Nestle: Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc. ) and generating plans for action. * Decision Making and the Planning Process Stra tegic goals Strategic plans Tactical goals Operational goals Operational plans The organization’s mission The Environmental Context †¢ Purpose †¢ Premises †¢ Values †¢ Directions Tactical plansKinds of organization plan * Strategic Plans * A general plan outlining resource allocation, priorities, and action steps to achieve strategic goals. The plans are set by and for top management. * Tactical Plans * A plan aimed at achieving the tactical goals set by and for middle management. * Operational Plans * Plans that have a short-term focus. These plans are set by and for lower-level managers. 4. 1. 1 Time frame for planning * The Time Dimension of Planning * Is based on the principle of commitment. Planning must provide sufficient time to fulfill the managerial commitments involved. Long-range Plans * Cover present and future strategic issues; normally extend beyond five years in the future. * Intermediate Plans * Usually cover from 1 to 5 years and parallel tactical plans. * Are the principal focuses of organizational planning efforts. * Short-range Plans * Have a time frame of one year or less. * include action plans and reaction (contingency) plan 4. 1. 2Planning Staff * Planning staff personnel gather information, coordinate planning activities, and take a broader view than individual managers. * Planning Task Force * Created when the organization wants special circumstance addressed. * Board of Directors * Establishes corporate mission and strategy. May engage in strategic planning * Chief Executive Officer * Usually serves as president or chair of the board of directors. Has a major role in the planning process and implements the strategy 4. 1. 3. B arrier to goal setting and planning: 4. 1. 4Policies and strategies in the planning process * They give mid and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization. * A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made. Mid and lower-leve l management may add their own plans to the business's strategies.. Organizing: (Implementation)pattern of relationships among workers, making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. Nestle has a Board of Directors, led by our Chairman Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, who was the former Nestle CEO. There are 14 members of the Board of Directors. Full details of each member and the committees that they operate within can be found in our Board of Directors section. The day to day management of the Nestle business is taken care of by our Executive Board members.The 13 designated Board Members manage diverse parts of the global business and a full curriculum vital of each member can be found in the Executive Board section. In addition to how our managers carry out their work as leaders, Nestle pragmatically implements The following organizational principles: †¢ Being as decentralized as possible to optimally respond to the needs of consumers, wi thin the framework defined by our fundamental policies, strategic directions and operational efficiencies †¢ Ensuring collaboration of all Nestle businesses and compliance with Nestle principles, policies And standards (Nestle in the Market approach) Building and maintaining a structure which assures operational speed, with a strong focus on results and removing unnecessary obstacles. †¢ Establishing flat and flexible organizations with minimal levels of management and broad spans of control, which also enable people development. †¢ Setting a shared vision and common goals to leverage the strength of people and organizational alignment. †¢ Defining clear levels of responsibility. Teamwork does not affect the manager’s duty towards his/her people and business results . A team must always have a leader who assumes full responsibility 4. 2. 1.A Mutual commitment: Living up to the Nestle Management and Leadership Principles is a commitment and a responsibility for everyone in our Company. To be effective, engaging and inspiring, all Nestle people must â€Å"walk the talk† and lead by example in their daily work; in this context, actions speak louder than words. Therefore, at Nestle, in addition to professional skills – and regardless of origin, nationality, religion, race, gender, sexual orientation and age – the capacity and willingness to live up to these principles are the key criteria’s for progressing within the organization 5. Staffing:Job analysis, recruitment and hiring for appropriate jobs. Staffing involves: -Manpower planning -Recruitment selection ; placement -training ; development 5. 1. Training: Process of altering employee behavior ; attitudes in a way that increases the probability of goal attainment * The most common topics covered in cultural training include: Social| history | Politics| Business| customs| Economics| | | | | Training and development is the field which is concerned with organ izational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational  settings.It has been known by several names, including  employee development,  human resource development, and  learning and development. Major types of cross-cultural training programs Environmental Briefings Cultural Orientation Language Training Cultural Assimilators Sensitivity Training Field Experience Orientation ; Training Programs at Nestle Formal Orientation Local Training International Training Literacy Training Nestle Apprenticeship ProgramInternational Training Nestle’s success in growing local companies in each country has been highly influenced by the functioning of its international Training Centre, Switzerland. International Training: Classes are carefully composed to include people with a range of geographic and functional backgrounds. Typically a class contains 15–20 nationalities. The Centre delivers some 70 courses. Attended by about 1700 manag ers each year from over 80 countries. Only 25% of the teaching is done by outside professionals, as the primary faculty is the Nestle senior management.Its providing services for over 30 years. Managers from around the world to learn from senior Nestle managers and from each other. Country managers decide who attends which course. The programs can be broadly divided into two groups: 1. Management courses 2. Executive courses Training and trainer around the world: Local 1. DMBP: Distribution Management Best Practice. Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. 2. FMBP: Field Management Best Practice. Trainer: Ziaul Hafiz, Nestle Bangladesh. 3. DMBP plus: Distribution Management Best Practice.Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. Managing Partner: Good to Better. Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. International 1. SDS: SAR (South Asian Region) Distributor Solution (Distribution Management System), Chennai, India, 2009. 5. 2Findings ; Recommendation Nestle said that from the factory floor to the top management, training at Nestle is continuous. And because it is mainly given by Nestle people, it is always relevant to your professional life. Approach is unique in many ways: * It reflects the company's decentralized nature.Whichever country you are working in, you will be given the knowledge and tools you need to respond to local needs * It encourages you to broaden your horizons, by working with people from many different countries and cultures in the course of your career For international assignment Preliminary Visits Preliminary trip of host country Accept or reject the assignment based on experience Language Training Host country language skills and adjustment: improves expatriate’s effectiveness and negotiating ability, info of host country, social support * Role of English language Knowledge of corporate language: a common company language –English Practical Assistance Adaptation to new environment, assist in relocation 6. Leading/directing: Determin ing what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it. Nestle managers at all levels are more with leading and inspiring people to add value to the Company and society rather than with exercising formal authority. This calls for a high personal commitment of each employee and a common mindset geared towards results. In an increasingly dynamic world, leaders face Significant challenges and opportunities.These stem from shifts to new social patterns and unprecedented worldwide competition. Achieving ongoing success requires that each Nestle leader understands the context and capitalizes on it, as described in the following principles: Lead to win †¢ Has built credibility as a result of coherent action, leadership and achievement. †¢ Is able to think from different perspectives and to create a climate of innovation. This implies openness to risk and the possibility of making mistakes, but also the willingness to correct and learn from them. †¢ Believes in the importance of alignment and management of expectations. Has broad interests, a good general Education, responsible behavior as well as a balanced lifestyle. Manage for results †¢ Embraces personal commitment and courage in execution. This includes the capacity and the willingness to take initiatives and risks while maintaining composure under pressure. †¢ Values proactive cooperation in order to create synergies at local, regional and global levels. †¢ Embraces change and is able to implement it and manage its consequences. †¢ Believes in achieving business objectives rooted in compliance and sustainable practices. Grow talent and teams Has a passion for building and sustaining an environment where people have a sense of personal commitment to their work and give their best to promote our Company’s success. †¢ Cares for and develops the leaders of tomorrow through addressing all areas that Allow them to progress in their work and to expand their c apabilities. †¢ Understands the importance of continuous learning and improvement, as well as sharing knowledge and ideas freely with others. †¢ Is committed to giving and receiving honest, accurate and timely feedback, including performance evaluation, in a climate of mutual respect . Believes in the importance of building diverse teams, and promotes the advantages of gender balance. Compete and connect externally †¢ Constantly looks for ways to satisfy our consumers and customers while attracting new ones in unique and compelling ways. †¢ Displays curiosity and open-mindedness as well as a high level of interest in other cultures and lifestyles. †¢ Believes in openness and dialogue with outside stakeholders about future trends in society, technology, consumer habits, and business opportunities. Understands the external impact of our operations and, as a result, proactively seeks to engage and partner with the community, authorities, shareholders and other stakeholders. Strategic leadership To force the businesses to become more efficent To crete a regional manufacturing network To integrate the company ‘s business on a global scale 7. Controlling/monitoring: * Types of Controls 1. Areas of Control 1. Physical resources—inventory management, quality control, and equipment control. 2. Human resources—selection and placement, training and development, performance appraisal, and compensation. . Information resources—sales and marketing forecasts, environmental analysis, public relations, production scheduling, and economic forecasting. 4. Financial resources—managing capital funds and cash flow, collection and payment of debts. Strategic control Structural control Operations control Financial control * The Purpose of Control 2. Control is one of the four basic management functions. The control function, in turn, has four basic purposes. Adapt to environmental change Limit the accumulation of error Contro l helps the organization Cope with organizational complexity Minimize costsSteps of controlling process: Establish standards Measure performance Compare performance against standards Maintain the status quo Correct the deviation Change standards Determine need for corrective action 2 1 4 3 Checking progress against plans. 1. The regulation of organizational activities so that some targeted element of performance remains within acceptable limits. 2. Provides organizations with indications of how well they are performing in relation to their goals. 3. Control provides a mechanism for adjusting performance to keep organizations moving in the right direction. Basic rolesCategory Role Example Interpersonal Figure head Leader Liaison Representing the org. Motivating employees Coordinating activities Informational Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson Scanning industry reports Sending memos Making speech Decisional Entrepreneur Disturbance handler Resource allocator Negotiator Developing new i deas Resolving conflict Examining budgets Pursuing agreements * Interpersonal: roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees. * Informational: roles that involve handling, sharing, and analyzing information. * Decisional: roles that require decision-making. 8.Management skills: * Political: used to build a power base and establish connections. * Conceptual: used to analyze complex situations. A conceptual skill is the ability to imagine the integration and coordination of the parts of an organization – all its processes and systems. A manager needs conceptual skills to see how factors are interrelated, to understand the impact of any action on the other aspects of the organization and to plan long range. * Interpersonal: used to communicate, motivate, mentor and delegate. * Diagnostic: ability to visualize most appropriate response to a situation. Technical: Expertise in one's particular functional area. Technical skills are the knowledge of and ability to us e the processes, practices, techniques or tools of a specialty responsibility area. E. g. accountants, engineers, salespersons, etc. Implementation of policies and strategies * All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff. * Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies. * A plan of action must be devised for each department. * Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly. Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes. * Assessments of progress ought to be carried out regularly by top-level managers. * A good environment and team spirit is required within the business. * The missions, objectives, strengths and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the business's mission. * The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business's future environment. * A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consist ent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives. . Levels of management Most organizations have three management levels: first-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. [These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority, and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different responsibilities and likely job titles. 9. 1. Top-level managers Consists of board of directors, president, vice-president, CEOs, etc. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization.They develop goals, strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the direction of the business. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources and are accountable to the shareholders and general public. According to Lawrence S. Kleiman, the following skills are needed a t the top managerial level * Broadened understanding of how: competition, world economies, politics, and social trends effect organizational effectiveness. The role of the top management can be summarized as follows – * Top management lays down the objectives and broad policies of the enterprise. It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department budgets, procedures, schedules etc. * It prepares strategic plans ; policies for the enterprise. * It appoints the executive for middle level i. e. departmental managers. * It controls ; coordinates the activities of all the departments. * It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside world. * It provides guidance and direction. * The top management is also responsible towards the shareholders for the performance of the enterprise. 9. 1. 1Middle-level managers Consist of general managers, branch managers and department managers.They are accountable to the top management for their department's function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's policies and the objectives of the top management, they define and discuss information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly they inspire and provide guidance to lower level managers towards better performance. Some of their functions are as follows: * Designing and implementing effective group and intergroup work and information systems. Defining and monitoring group-level performance indicators. * Diagnosing and resolving problems within and among work groups. * Designing and implementing reward systems supporting cooperative behavior. 9. 1. 2. First-level managers Consist of supervisors, section leads, foremen, etc. They focus on controlling and directing. They usually have the responsibility of assigning employees tasks, guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities, ensuring quality and quantity production, making recommendations, suggestions, and up channeling employee problems, etc.First-level managers are role models for employees that provide: * Basic supervision. * Motivation. * Career planning. * Performance feedback. Factors that influence a manager to fit in one of the style: * The task that is being undertaken * The traditions of the organization * The type of Labor Force * The size of the group * The personality of the Leader * Personalities * Time 10. The Nestle factories are operating in the region of: 1. Africa 2. America 3. Asia 4. Europe 5. Oceania Being a company dedicated to food from the beginning, Nestle remains ensitive to culinary and eating habits, and responds to specific nutritional problems, whilst also setting and matching new trends such as growing out-of-home consumption and caring about the wellbeing of its consumers. * Zone Asia, Oceania and Africa ; 6. 6% organic growth, strong performance in most emerging market s ; Japan continued to suffer deflation but achieved positive RIG, With good performances in Soluble coffee and Chocolate ; China slow due to product exchange in Dairy, but on improving trend ; South Asia, Africa and Middle East amongst the highlights 0. 1Nestle Focus in Bangladesh Nestle is the world's leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company. In Bangladesh we have Maggi noodles and soups, breakfast cereal, Nescafe, coffee mate, baby food, milk and a seasoning. However, worldwide we have more than 10000 products in different variants. As of today, we employ over 276,000 people across more than 500 state-of-the-art facilities around the world. But it was never our ambition to be the biggest at what we do – it was our ambition to be the best. That sums up what we mean by Nestle Focus.It means we also appreciate that size and success are nothing without the finer details – such as genuine care for our consumers, a commitment to our people and a wider sense of respo nsibility towards our customers, suppliers and our communities. When you work for us, you'll see the difference that makes at every stage. It will mean becoming part of an organization which can offer you subsidiary of Nestle S. A. whatever you want from your career. Nestle Bangladesh Limited started its first commercial production in Bangladesh in 1994. In 1998. Nestle S. A. ook over the remaining 40% share from our local partner when Nestle Bangladesh became a fully owned Nestle Bangladesh's vision is to be recognized as the most successful food and drink Company in Bangladesh, generating sustainable, profitable growth and continuously improving results to the benefit of shareholders and employees. Our factory is situated at Sripur, 55 km north of Dhaka, the factory produces instant noodles, cereals and repacks milks, soups, beverages and infant nutrition products. Today Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. is a strongly positioned organization.The Company will continue to grow through our poli cy of constant innovation and renovation, concentrating on our core competencies and our commitment to high quality, with the aim of providing the best quality food to the people of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, Nestle started its operation in 1994 and its factory is situated in Sreepur, Gazipur. Nestle Bangladesh directly employs more than 650 people and more than 1000 people are employed by suppliers and distributors in connection to Nestle. Our products in Bangladesh are Nido, Nescafe, Maggi noodles and soup, breakfast Cereals, Coffee-Mate, Nestea, Nesfruta ,Nesfrappe and many more.Nestle is present around the globe, on all continents, with around 230,000 people working in more in an 84 countries with 466 factories and with sales representatives in at least another 70 countries. Nestle is the world's largest food group, not only in terms of its sales but also in terms of its product range and its geographical presence. Nestle covers nearly every field of nutrition: infant formula, m ilk products, chocolate and confectionery, instant coffee, ice-cream, culinary products, frozen ready-made meals, mineral water etc. Nestle is a focused company, with more than 94 percent of the sales coming from the food and beverage sector.Did you know 3,000 cups of Nescafe are consumed every second? KitKat merited an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's best-selling chocolate bar with 418 KitKat fingers eaten every second around the world! 10. 2 Selected awards, certifications and rankings * In May 2006, Nestle’s executive board decided to adapt the existing Nestle management systems to full conformity with the international standards ISO 14001 (Environmental Management Systems) and OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems), and to certify all Nestle factories against these standards by 2010.In the meanwhile a lot of the Nestle factories have obtained these certifications. For instance, Nestle’s three factories in Japan (H imeji factory: Hyogo Prefecture, Shimada factory: Shizuoka Prefecture and Kasumigaura factory: Ibaraki Prefecture) have each obtained ISO standard certifications: ISO14001, ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management Systems) and OHSAS 18001 as of the end of December, 2008. * In 2009, Nestle Waters earned a sixth LEED certification. The certification was given by the U. S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design which the company become its first recipient.It highlights the environmentally conscious elements of the facility which enables them to receive the certification. * Nestle Purina received in 2010 the Malcolm Balding National Quality Award for their excellence in the areas of leadership, customer and market focus, strategic planning, process management, measurement, analysis and knowledge management, workforce focus and results * In September 2011, Nestle occupied 19th position in the Universal’s global ranking of Best Employers Worldwide. Accordin g to a survey by Universal Communications Nestle was in 2011 the best employer to work for in Switzerland. Based on independent research by the Corporate Research Foundation Institute, Nestle (South Africa) has been certified in 2011 as a Best Employer in South Africa. * Nestle USA has been recognized by Business Week magazine as one of the â€Å"Best Places to Launch a Career. † Business Week ranked Nestle USA #25 on their annual list of the best companies for new college graduates to launch their careers. * For the twelfth consecutive year, Fortune Magazine included in 2011 Nestle in their list of The 10 Most Admired Companies in the World. Nestle won in 2011 the Stockholm Industry Water Award for its leadership and performance to improve water management in its internal operations and throughout its supply chain. * The International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST) honored Nestle in 2010 with the Global Food Industry Award. * In May 2011, Nestle won the 27th W orld Environment Center (WEC) Gold Medal award for its commitment to environmental sustainability. * In 2011, Nestle Malaysia won an award of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants for their Sustainability Reporting. On 19 April 2012, The Great Place to Work ® Institute Canada mentioned Nestle Canada Inc. as one of the '50 Best Large and Multinational Workplaces' in Canada (with more than 1,000 employees working in Canada and/or worldwide). * In April 2012, Nestle obtained an A+ rating from the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for their global annual report on Creating Shared Value. To reach A+ the company provided new data in their annual report on a number of criteria such as human rights, diversity and gender, climate change, biodiversity and corruption.Nestle was the first food and Beverage Company to achieve an A+ rating from the GRI for a global sustainability report. * On 21 May 2012, Gartner published their annual Supply Chain Top 25, a list with global supply chain leaders. Nestle ranks 18th in the list. Address: Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. Address: Gulshan Tower, Plot # 31, Road # 53, Gulshan North C/A City:Dhaka Location:Gulshan Phone:+880-2-9882759 Ext-255 Category: Milk Products Produce: For tetra Ltd 9, Prince Street P. O. Box-92032 Oakland, Newlands Nestle consumer service Post box no-11037, Uttra,Dhaka Care line number: 01730637853 0800217777 e-mail:concumer. [email  protected] nestle. com